The phrase “Son of Man” appears throughout the Bible, particularly in the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) and the New Testament. Its meaning varies depending on the context—sometimes referring to humanity in general, a prophetic figure, or Jesus Christ Himself. Below is an organized breakdown of its usage:
Old Testament (Hebrew Bible)
In the Old Testament, “Son of Man” often refers to a human being or a representative of humanity. The phrase is used extensively in Ezekiel and also has significant prophetic implications in Daniel.
1. Ezekiel
• God often refers to Ezekiel as “son of man,” emphasizing his humanity in contrast to God’s divine majesty.
• Examples:
• Ezekiel 2:1 – “He said to me, ‘Son of man, stand up on your feet and I will speak to you.’”
• Ezekiel 3:17 – “Son of man, I have made you a watchman for the house of Israel; so hear the word I speak and give them warning from me.”
• Ezekiel is called “son of man” over 90 times in the book.
2. Daniel 7:13-14
• This is the most significant Old Testament passage regarding “Son of Man” with a messianic and divine connotation:
• “I saw in the night visions, and behold, with the clouds of heaven there came one like a son of man, and he came to the Ancient of Days and was presented before him. And to him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him.”
• This passage portrays the “Son of Man” as a heavenly figure who is given eternal dominion, making it a critical messianic prophecy later applied to Jesus.
New Testament
In the New Testament, “Son of Man” is Jesus’ favorite self-designation, appearing over 80 times. It highlights His humanity, His role as the Messiah, and His divine authority.
Usage in the Gospels
1. Jesus’ Humanity
• Matthew 8:20: “Jesus replied, ‘Foxes have dens and birds have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head.’”
• Jesus identifies Himself as fully human, experiencing human struggles.
2. Jesus’ Authority on Earth
• Matthew 9:6: “But I want you to know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins.”
• Jesus declares His divine authority to forgive sins, something only God can do.
3. Jesus as the Suffering Servant
• Mark 10:45: “For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.”
• Jesus refers to His sacrificial death, fulfilling Isaiah’s prophecy of the suffering servant (Isaiah 53).
4. The Son of Man in His Glory
• Matthew 24:30: “Then will appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven. And then all the peoples of the earth will mourn when they see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven, with power and great glory.”
• This refers back to Daniel 7:13, where the Son of Man is a figure of divine glory and judgment.
5. Jesus Predicts His Death and Resurrection
• Mark 8:31: “Then He began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, the chief priests, and the teachers of the law, and that He must be killed and after three days rise again.”
6. Jesus as the Judge
• John 5:27: “And he has given him authority to execute judgment, because he is the Son of Man.”
Other References in the New Testament
1. Stephen’s Vision (Acts 7:55-56)
• At his martyrdom, Stephen sees Jesus as the exalted Son of Man:
“Look,” he said, “I see heaven open and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God.”
2. Revelation 1:13
• John describes a vision of Jesus in divine glory:
“And among the lampstands was someone like a son of man, dressed in a robe reaching down to his feet and with a golden sash around his chest.”
3. Hebrews 2:6-9 (quoting Psalm 8)
• Refers to the Son of Man as the fulfillment of humanity’s role under God’s dominion:
“What is man that you are mindful of him, or the son of man that you care for him?”
Key Theological Themes of “Son of Man”
1. Humanity: Jesus identifies fully with humanity, experiencing its weaknesses and struggles.
2. Messianic Identity: Jesus fulfills the prophecy of Daniel 7:13-14, presenting Himself as the divine figure who will rule eternally.
3. Suffering and Redemption: Jesus’ role as the “Son of Man” includes suffering, death, and resurrection for the redemption of humanity.
4. Divine Authority: The “Son of Man” possesses authority to forgive sins, judge humanity, and bring eternal salvation.
5. Future Glory: The “Son of Man” will return with power and glory to establish His kingdom and judge the world.
Summary
• In the Old Testament, the phrase “son of man” generally means “human being” but also prophetically refers to a divine, messianic figure (Daniel 7).
• In the New Testament, Jesus adopts the title “Son of Man” to emphasize His humanity, divine authority, sacrificial mission, and His role in final judgment and glory.
If you need further breakdown or specific verses explored in more detail, let me know!
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